What Are Solar Panels?

Understanding what solar panels are

Solar panels, also known as photovoltaic (PV) panels, are devices that harness solar power and convert it into electricity. Solar technology goes back over 100 years; in 1839, French physicist Edmond Becquerel discovered the “photovoltaic effect,” which converted sunlight into electric energy. In 1946, Russel Ohl, an inventor at Bell Laboratories, patented the first silicon solar cell.

Since then, solar panel technology has evolved and improved. Today, solar panels are typically composed of individual solar cells, mostly made of silicon. By capturing and utilizing the energy from sunlight, solar panels offer a reliable and abundant source of power for homes, businesses and commercial buildings.

Types of solar panels

Solar panels come in different types, including monocrystalline, polycrystalline and thin-film panels. Typically, solar panels have a protective layer of tempered glass, ensuring durability and shielding the cells from external elements.

Monocrystalline solar panels

Monocrystalline solar panels are typically the more expensive option, but they’re also more efficient and require less installation space than polycrystalline panels. Monocrystalline panels are so named because of the single (“mono”) silicon crystals found in one of their PV cells, and these panels have a black appearance.

Polycrystalline solar panels

While monocrystalline panels are named after the one silicon crystal in each cell, polycrystalline solar panels are made using pieces from multiple (“poly”) silicon crystals, rather than a single piece. These panels have a blue tint, and while they cost less to produce than their monocrystalline counterparts, they’re also generally less efficient.

Thin-film solar panels

As their name implies, thin-film solar panels are less bulky and rigid than their traditional counterparts. But that flexibility — and a potential lower price tag — comes with some potential cons. Thin-film solar panels may dent or scratch more easily than more traditional options, and they may have a shorter lifespan.

» COMPARE: Monocrystalline vs. polycrystalline solar panels

Solar panels are typically installed on rooftops or in open spaces to capture maximum sunlight. Proper positioning at an optimal angle and direction helps ensure consistent exposure throughout the day. Solar panels can also be connected to the electricity grid through net metering, which means any surplus electricity generated is fed back into the grid in exchange for credit on electricity bills.

How solar panels work

Solar panels work by harnessing solar energy through a process called the photovoltaic effect. When sunlight strikes the solar cells, it excites tiny particles called electrons, causing them to break free from their atoms. This creates a flow of electrons, generating an electric current.

The electric field within the solar cells then guides the freed electrons in a specific direction, creating a usable current. However, the electricity produced by the solar panels is in the form of direct current (DC), which is not compatible with standard electrical systems used in homes. To make it compatible, an inverter converts the DC electricity into alternating current (AC) electricity, which is what we use to power our devices and household appliances.

» MORE: How do solar panels work?

Components of a solar panel system

Solar panels are a key part of a complete photovoltaic (PV) system, but there are a few other components that play important roles in creating solar energy. Solar panel systems are generally made of the following components:

• Solar cells: Usually made of silicon, solar cells are the central part of solar panels that generate electricity.
• Solar power inverter: The inverter converts DC electricity into AC electricity, which is used to power homes.
• Battery bank: Some consumers choose to add battery storage to their solar systems. Batteries store excess energy to use during low solar production times, like at night.
• Charge controller: This component regulates the flow of energy between the solar panels and batteries.
• Mounting and racking components: These items secure solar panels to their installation location, whether that’s on a rooftop or on the ground.

Benefits of solar panels

Solar panels offer a range of compelling environmental and cost benefits. If your living situation makes sense and you can afford the upfront costs, going solar might be right for you.

Environmental impact

Solar panels help decrease carbon emissions, aiding in the fight against climate change and promoting cleaner air. According to the Office of Nuclear Energy, the use of solar power helped avoid 45 million metric tons of carbon dioxide emissions in 2019. By reducing reliance on fossil fuels, solar panels foster a sustainable energy mix, contributing to a greener future.

» MORE: Greenest states in the U.S.

Cost savings

By generating your own electricity, you can significantly reduce your electricity bills. Additionally, government incentives or tax credits may be available in your state to offset the initial installation costs.

Lifespan and low maintenance needs

With proper care and maintenance, solar panels can generate clean electricity for decades, making them a long-lasting and eco-friendly energy source for homeowners. Their durable construction and minimal maintenance requirements ensure hassle-free operation and peace of mind.

Increased home value

Installing solar panels can have a positive impact on your home's value. Using data from Zillow, SolarReviews found homes equipped with solar panels typically sell for an average of 6.9% more than comparable homes without solar panels.

This increase in value is due to the potential long-term cost savings and environmental advantages that come with solar energy. By having solar panels, your property becomes more appealing in the real estate market, attracting environmentally conscious buyers seeking sustainable and energy-efficient homes.

» MORE: Do solar panels increase home value?

Considerations before installing solar panels

Before you make the decision to purchase solar panels, it’s important to weigh the following considerations.

Location and sunlight availability

Areas with plenty of sunlight are more suitable for solar energy generation, so it's important to assess your location's solar potential. Keep in mind that trees or any obstructions around the home can block sunlight and reduce the output of your solar panels.

Solar systems require a significant amount of space for installation and optimal functionality. In areas with limited space (e.g., in the middle of a big city), it may be challenging to find sufficient roof space for all the solar panels needed to power your entire house. You can use EnergySage’s solar calculator to estimate your solar potential and savings by address.

Once you’ve started working with a solar company, its reps can confirm how many panels you need. A reviewer from California on our site said the person they worked with “was pleasant to work with and I am glad that he was not a pushy salesman. ... He was able to explain how many solar panels were adequate and sufficient for our house and the future electric usage.”

Return on investment

Investing in solar panel installations may require an initial upfront investment, but the long-term cost savings can be significant. Various factors, including installation costs, energy usage and available incentives, play a big role in determining the average payback period.

EnergySage reports that, on average, it takes approximately 10 years to recoup the initial investment on solar panel installation (through savings on energy bills). By considering the potential long-term benefits and payback period, you can make an informed decision regarding the financial viability of installing solar panels.

» MORE: How much do solar panels cost?

Moving and portability

Once you install a solar energy system, it’s typically challenging — if not impossible — to transport. While it’s theoretically possible to transfer PV solar panels when moving to a new home, it’s rarely advised. Dismantling and retrofitting the system to a new property can cause extensive damage to the panels and the roof.

Leaving the solar panel system in place can also increase the value of the house, potentially helping to recover most of the cost if you leave it for the next owners.

Coverage limitations

It’s advisable to consult with a professional solar installer or conduct a feasibility assessment. This can help you determine the viability of solar panel installation for your specific location and provide valuable insights into the potential benefits and considerations associated with the investment.

» DECIDE: Are solar panels worth it?

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