What Is Collateral for a Mortgage?

How does a mortgage work?

A mortgage is a loan used to finance real estate, such as the home you plan to live in as your primary residence, a vacation home or even a rental property.

Repayment terms on mortgages commonly range from 15 to 30 years, though some lenders may offer terms as short as 10 years or as long as 40 years. Interest rates are typically lower on mortgages with shorter terms. However, you must be able to afford a higher payment of principal plus interest if you choose a shorter-term mortgage.

When getting approved for a mortgage, you must show you’re willing and able to repay the loan. To evaluate this, lenders commonly review your debt-to-income (DTI) ratio and credit score. The better qualified you are, the better the mortgage rates and terms you can get.

Lenders commonly require DTIs of no more than 36% to 43% and credit scores of at least 620.

Lenders also consider the size of your down payment and the value of the property you’re financing when qualifying you for a mortgage. Loans with larger down payments and lower loan-to-value (LTV) ratios are considered less risky and carry better rates and terms.

Since mortgages often have much higher loan amounts and longer repayment terms than other types of loans, these loans are backed by collateral — usually, the property the mortgage is financing. If you don’t repay the loan as agreed, your lender can use the collateral to repay it.

» MORE: Types of mortgage loans

How lenders evaluate collateral and approve loans

When you apply for a secured loan, lenders don’t just review your credit and income. They also closely evaluate the collateral backing the loan. This process helps lenders determine how much risk they’re taking on and whether the loan aligns with their underwriting standards.

Appraisal process

Lenders require appraisals to confirm the current market value of the asset used as collateral. This protects the lender by ensuring the loan amount is supported by a verifiable, independent valuation rather than a borrower’s estimate or purchase price.

The appraisal process typically follows these steps:

1. Appraisal is ordered: The lender selects a licensed, third-party appraiser to maintain objectivity.
2. Asset inspection: For real estate, this includes an on-site visit to assess condition, size, location and features. For other assets, such as vehicles or equipment, age, condition and resale demand are evaluated.
3. Market analysis: The appraiser compares the asset to recent, similar sales or uses income and cost-based valuation methods when applicable.
4. Final valuation report: The appraiser submits a report with a determined market value, which the lender reviews for accuracy and compliance.

If the appraisal comes in lower than expected, the lender may reduce the loan amount, request additional collateral or deny the loan. This step is designed to prevent borrowers from taking on loans that exceed the asset’s true value.

Loan-to-value (LTV) ratio explained

Once the appraisal is complete, lenders calculate the LTV ratio. LTV is determined by dividing the loan amount by the appraised value of the collateral. For example, if you apply for a $140,000 loan on a property appraised at $200,000, the LTV is 70%.

LTV plays a major role in loan approval and pricing. Lower LTV ratios generally indicate less risk for the lender and may result in better interest rates, lower fees, or faster approval. Higher LTV ratios increase lender risk and often lead to higher interest rates, stricter requirements, or added protections such as private mortgage insurance.

For borrowers, a strong appraisal paired with a conservative LTV can help approval odds and loan terms. By contrast, an LTV above 85% may limit available options or increase overall borrowing costs.

What is collateral?

Collateral is property offered to a lender as security for a loan. If the secured loan isn’t repaid as agreed, the lender can take possession of the collateral and use the proceeds to pay off the loan and any associated costs or fees, such as attorney’s fees and past-due interest. Secured loans are less risky than unsecured ones, allowing lenders to offer better rates and terms.

Some common types of loans that require collateral include car loans, RV loans, boat loans, mortgages, home equity loans and home equity lines of credit (HELOCs).

“When you take out a mortgage to buy a house, the house itself becomes the collateral for the loan,” said Dennis Shirshikov, head of growth at Awning. “It’s a bit like saying, ‘Hey, I want to borrow money to buy this house, and if I can’t pay you back, you can take the house.’”

» MORE: How to get preapproved for a mortgage

Types of collateral

You can pledge almost any type of financial or physical property as collateral for a loan as long as the lender can reasonably access and seize the property if you fail to meet the terms of your loan agreement. For instance, it may be more difficult for a lender to access or take possession of property you own in a foreign country than one in the U.S.

Common examples of collateral include:

• Houses
• Land
• Other types of real estate (e.g., office buildings, apartments)
• Cars
• Recreational vehicles
• Boats
• Motorcycles
• Cash on deposit with a financial institution
• Publicly traded stocks or bonds

Besides evaluating how easily the collateral you pledge can be accessed, lenders also consider the collateral's value in relation to the loan's size. The difference between the collateral’s value and the total loans on the property is known as your equity.

Let’s say you have a mortgage secured by your primary residence. Your home has an appraised value of $300,000, and over the years, you’ve paid your mortgage balance down to $240,000. In this case, the equity you have in the home would be $60,000 (the appraised value of $300,000 minus your loan balance of $240,000).

One way you can build equity is through the down payment you make when you purchase the property. For example, let’s say you bought the home for $300,000, put 20% cash ($60,000) toward the purchase and got a $240,000 loan. You would have $60,000 of equity in your home on the date of the purchase.

Another way you can build equity is by your property’s value appreciating (increasing) over time. Say you bought your home for $300,000, paid the mortgage balance down to $240,000, and your home is now appraised at $400,000. In this case, you’d have $160,000 of equity ($400,000 minus $240,000).

No matter how the equity was created, lenders consider loans with more equity less risky. If they have to sell or liquidate the collateral to pay off your loan, there’s a better chance they’ll get enough money to cover your loan balance (plus any costs or fees) if there’s more equity.

Secured (collateral) vs. unsecured loans

When comparing loan options, one of the most important factors is whether the loan is secured by collateral or issued as an unsecured loan. This distinction affects interest rates, approval requirements, and what happens if you’re unable to repay the debt.

A secured loan requires the borrower to pledge an asset, such as a home, vehicle, savings account or business equipment, as collateral. This collateral reduces the lender’s risk because it can be seized and sold if the borrower defaults. Common examples include mortgages, auto loans and home equity loans.

Unsecured loans do not require collateral. Instead, lenders base approval decisions primarily on credit score, income and overall financial stability. Personal loans, credit cards and many student loans fall into this category.

Secured vs. unsecured loan comparison

Choosing between secured and unsecured loans depends on your credit profile, tolerance for risk and long-term financial goals.

What happens if you default on your home loan?

If you default on your home loan, the lender can seize the property you’ve offered as collateral (your home) and use the proceeds to pay off your loan balance and any associated costs or fees. This is typically done through a legal process called foreclosure. However, you may be able to voluntarily give the home’s deed to your lender in lieu of foreclosure.

The general foreclosure process looks something like this, although it varies by state:

• Your loan goes into default. If you miss making a single payment, your loan is technically in default. Your lender will contact you by phone or in writing if you miss one payment, continue to follow up by phone if you miss a second payment and send a demand letter giving you 30 days to bring your loan current after a third missed payment.
• The preforeclosure process begins. If you don’t repay the past-due balance or work out another payment arrangement before the 30-day notice period expires, you’ll be referred to your lender’s attorney, who will schedule the date your home will be sold via a sheriff’s sale or public trustee’s sale.
• The foreclosure process is completed. If the total amount you owe, including attorney’s fees, isn’t paid or you don’t work out other arrangements with your lender by the sale date, you’ll lose your home to foreclosure. Depending on your state, a redemption period may give you extra time to pay what you owe before the foreclosure is finalized.

Depending on your situation, your lender may be willing to work with you if you can’t make the payments on your home loan.

“Requesting loan modifications or refinancing can help prevent foreclosure and protect the property,” said Loren Howard, founder of Prime Plus Mortgages.

The key is communicating with your lender and seeking help as early as possible. Also, a housing counselor may be able to help you find a solution to avoid foreclosure. Your lender may be able to refer you to a housing counselor. Many credit counseling agencies also provide housing counseling.

Most importantly, remember that you’re not alone in this process. There are resources available to help you avoid going into default and losing your home.

FAQ

Bottom line

When you get a mortgage, you’ll usually need to offer the property you’re financing as collateral for the loan. Since your lender can take the collateral if you don’t repay the loan as agreed, you’ll typically get better rates and terms than with an unsecured loan. However, you risk losing the property if you don’t follow through with the loan agreement.

To protect yourself from losing your home to foreclosure, make sure you can easily afford the monthly payment before getting a mortgage. If you face financial hardship, contact your lender as soon as possible to work out a payment arrangement.

Mortgages are typically secured by the property they’re used to finance.