Debt Collection Laws in Florida

Federal debt collection laws

The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA) is a federal law that affords all Americans certain rights when their unpaid debts have made them subject to collection activities.

The FDCPA prohibits debt collectors from using deceptive or abusive debt collection practices, such as contacting you at odd hours, calling you repeatedly or making false threats regarding legal actions they plan to take. Debt collectors are also barred from revealing the existence of unpaid debts to other parties, both on social media and through direct forms of communication.

According to the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), if you have legal representation, debt collectors must contact your attorney instead of reaching out to you personally.

The FDCPA also lets you stop all contact with debt collectors by informing them in writing that you do not want to receive communications any longer. If the debt collector continues its communications, you can sue them under the FDCPA and get your legal fees paid, plus damages.

» MORE: How to handle bill collectors

Florida debt collection laws

According to Howard Li, a Florida attorney with extensive experience in debt collection laws and practices, Florida's primary debt collection law is the Florida Consumer Collection Practices Act (FCCPA).

"It complements the federal FDCPA but offers additional protections to Florida residents," he said.

Not only that, but the FCCPA applies to both debt collectors and creditors in the state.

Debt collection practices

While some of the protections in the FDCPA and the FCCPA overlap, Florida statutes dictate that Florida debt collectors are barred from the following acts:

• Pretending to be from law enforcement or part of any government agency
• Threatening force or violence to collect a debt
• Telling you that they will disclose information to impact your reputation or creditworthiness
• Communicating or threatening to communicate with your employer about your debt without permission in writing
• Disclosing your debts to another person or your family without your knowledge or consent
• Disclosing information concerning a debt known to be reasonably disputed by you without disclosing that fact
• Overcommunicating with you or your family member in a way that feels like harassment or abuse
• Using profanity or obscene or vulgar language to collect on a debt
• Claiming, attempting or threatening to try to collect a debt when the debt is not legitimate
• Claiming legal rights that do not exist to collect a debt
• Communicating in a way that simulates the appearance of being part of the legal or judicial process
• Pretending to be an attorney through written communication or other forms or instruments
• Pretending to be an attorney through oral communication
• Advertising or threatening to advertise the sale of a debt except under a court order
• Publishing or threatening to publish lists of debtors or information on their debts
• Not identifying oneself while trying to collect on a debt
• Communicating by mail with you with a postcard or other type of mail that lists personal details on the outside of the card or envelope
• Attempting to communicate with you before 8 a.m. or after 9 p.m. without prior consent (based on your local time)
• Communicating with you about your debt when you are represented by an attorney and the debt collector knows this information (exceptions apply)
• Causing you to be charged for communication (i.e., collect telephone calls) without disclosing the reason for the call

Florida wage garnishment laws and exemptions

In Florida, wage garnishment typically requires a creditor to first obtain a court judgment. Once a judgment is entered, the creditor can request a writ of garnishment, which directs your employer to withhold a portion of your wages to repay the debt. You must be notified of the garnishment and have the opportunity to claim any applicable exemptions.

Florida offers stronger protections than federal law, especially through the head of household exemption. If you provide more than half of the financial support for a dependent, your wages are generally protected from garnishment if you earn $750 or less per week. If you earn more than $750 per week, your wages may still be exempt unless you agree in writing to garnishment.

Under federal law, wage garnishment is typically capped at the lesser of 25% of disposable earnings or the amount exceeding 30 times the federal minimum wage.

Florida follows these federal limits for workers who do not qualify for state exemptions.

Certain types of income are also protected from garnishment, including Social Security benefits, disability income, retirement benefits and some public assistance. However, exceptions apply for specific debts such as child support, taxes and federally backed student loans, which may allow for higher withholding amounts or administrative garnishment without a standard court judgment.

Understanding whether you qualify for exemptions can significantly impact how much of your income is protected.

Statute of limitations

In the state of Florida, Li said that the statute of limitations for debt collection varies based on the type of debt involved. For example, written contracts, promissory notes and credit card debt have a five-year statute of limitations, whereas the limit for oral agreements and verbal contracts is four years.

Once the timeline has passed for each type of debt, creditors and debt collectors can no longer file a lawsuit against you for the purpose of collecting on the debt.

Licensing and registration

Debt collectors in Florida must be licensed and bonded, and are required to adhere to both state and federal laws when collecting debts.

"This includes providing validation of the debt, refraining from harassing or threatening behavior and respecting the rights of the debtor," said Li.

Required notices to debtors

Debt collectors in Florida are legally required to send a written notice within five days after you are first contacted about a debt that informs you of the amount you owe. The notice must also outline the name of the creditor who was originally owed before the debt moved to collections, and the actions they can take if they believe they do not owe the debt.

Consumer rights

If a Florida resident believes they do not owe a debt being collected, they can write to the collection agency about the debt within 30 days of initial contact. This communication should explain that you do not owe the money, at which point the collection agency cannot contact you anymore other than sending available proof of the debt. For example, the collection agency can legally send you a copy of the original bill you owed as proof the debt is legitimate.

Florida residents also have the right to tell bill collectors to cease contact with them altogether, which should be done in writing. Once the debt collection agency receives the communication, they have to stop reaching out other than to say that contact will stop or that the creditor is planning specific actions regarding the collection of the debt.

Enforcement and penalties

According to Li, debt collectors who violate the FCCPA can face civil penalties.

"Debtors can sue collectors for actual damages, statutory damages up to $1,000 and attorney fees and court costs," he said. "In some cases, punitive damages may also be awarded."

And remember, you can sue debt collectors for violating federal protections under the FDCPA as well.

» MORE: How to get out of debt

Federal vs. Florida debt collection laws

Both federal and Florida laws protect consumers from unfair debt collection practices, but they differ in scope and application. The FDCPA applies nationwide and primarily governs third-party debt collectors, such as collection agencies and debt buyers. In contrast, the FCCPA applies to both third-party collectors and original creditors, offering broader coverage.

Scope and coverage

The FDCPA focuses on consumer debts and limits how third-party collectors can communicate with you. The FCCPA extends similar protections to original creditors, meaning even the company you owe money to must follow certain rules in Florida.

Prohibited actions

Both laws prohibit harassment, threats and deceptive practices. However, the FCCPA goes further by explicitly banning actions such as contacting your employer without permission or disclosing your debt to third parties. For example, if a credit card company repeatedly calls your workplace after being told not to, this could violate Florida law even if federal rules are less specific.

Communication rules

Under the FDCPA, collectors cannot contact you at unusual times or after you request no contact in writing. Florida law reinforces these protections and adds stricter limits on how often and in what manner collectors can reach you.

Enforcement and remedies

Consumers can sue under both laws for violations. The FDCPA allows recovery of damages and attorney fees, while the FCCPA also permits statutory and, in some cases, punitive damages. For instance, if a collector threatens legal action it cannot take, you may have grounds to file a complaint or lawsuit under both federal and state law.

FAQ

Bottom line

Florida residents are protected by both federal and state debt protection laws, which means they have legal rights to avoid threatening behavior and nonstop calls from bill collectors. Consumers even have the right to tell debt collectors to stop contacting them altogether, thanks to protections afforded under the FDCPA.

That said, getting debt collectors to stop calling won't make the debt go away, nor will it prevent being sued for repayment or damage to your credit score. If you're feeling overwhelmed by your unpaid debts in the state of Florida, facing the problem head-on with the help of an attorney or nonprofit credit counselor may be your best bet.