The study, published in the current issues of Development and Psychology, shows even mundane activities like helping kids with their homework will foster better physiological health in them as they get older.
The key? Spending quality time together.
"The strong interpersonal connectedness and social skills that children learn from having active, healthy engagements with adults fosters positive psychological development," said lead study author Mark F. Lenzenweger, a professor of clinical science, neuroscience and cognitive psychology at Binghamton University, State University of New York.
"With it, a child develops his or her affiliation system - their connection to the world of people. Without it, the way a child connects with other human beings can be severely impaired. And as I found out, it is this impairment that predicts the appearance of schizoid personality disorder symptoms in emerging adulthood and beyond."
Lenzenweger says that the real importance of his findings is that it underscores the value of actively engaging a child during their early years - which is when most kids are more likely to be spending their time watching TV, on the Internet, or in day care.
"Through a rich degree of proximal processes, or more simply put, interactions generally associated with a caring and strong interpersonal relationship, a significant adult -- typically a parent but who could also be a caregiver or role model -- can help a child to progress to a richer, more differentiated, and fuller psychological experience," said Lenzenweger.
Engage with others
These relationships foster a willingness to engage with others, which is the psychological foundation of the human experience. But for some PD sufferers, this willingness to connect with other people is markedly absent. Along with the question of why those connections weren't happening, Lenzenweger asked an even more probing question: what happens when they do.
"For years, researchers have speculated whether elements in the environment could create or elevate risk for a PD," he said. "For example, childhood trauma has been seen as important. However, to date, no prior research has demonstrated what factors, if present, help to protect against a PD - until now."
However, the critical wildcard in all of this was genetic influences - our inherited tendencies that dictate our psychological and behavioral responses to the kind of situations and stress that life constantly throws at us.
Could the experience of a rich proximal process in early life foster the development of a strong affiliation system and healthier personality adjustment in adulthood?
Lenzenweger's study suggests that this is indeed the case.
"Even when we factored in temperamental features such as anger, fear and distress, which are suggestive of a difficult or challenging child and which might make connecting with other people difficult, we still found that having a strong relationship with a significant adult has a huge impact on development," said Lenzenweger.
"This means that the role of proximal processes in the development of the child did not simply mean that he or she was easy to relate to and therefore, the recipient of engaged attention of adults."
Longitudinal study
Lenzenweger drew data from his own Longitudinal Study of Personality Disorders (LSPD) study, which began in 1991 and plans to assess all the study subjects again in the next few years, tracking the group as they enter their late 30s.
The LSPD study is the first of its kind -- tracking subjects for a longer period of time and using a range of measurements, which offers a better understanding of the link between childhood and adulthood.
Lenzenweger also hopes secure genetic (DNA) data from all of the subjects to help further the understanding of the genetic factors that might be predictive of change and stability in personality and personality disorder over time.
This kind of data collection would also be new to the study of PD, allowing Lenzenweger to once again enter uncharted territory in the field.
"This new approach, which would include genetics, will give us a much better idea of how subjects are doing as they encounter the complex things that happen further along in the course of life," said Lenzenweger.
"This includes marriage, divorce, sickness, health, childbearing, career, unemployment, and economic challenges. A focus on these factors, both biological and social, will provide a clearer window on how personality and personality disorder changes across the lifespan, and give us a clearer insight into territory that remains largely unexplored."
