Shower curtains made with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic contain many harmful chemicals including volatile organic compounds (VOCs), phthalates and organotins, according to a new study by an environmental group.
The Center for Health, Environment & Justice said its study found that PVC shower curtains are potentially toxic to the health of consumers.
Vinyl shower curtains and shower curtain liners release chemicals into the home that are most easily identified by that new shower curtain smell and are routinely sold at major retail outlets. Results of this study show that PVC shower curtains can release toxic chemicals into the air that may lead to adverse health effects including respiratory irritation, central nervous system, liver and kidney damage, nausea, headaches and loss of coordination.
To date, Bed Bath and Beyond, Ikea, JC Penney, Sears/Kmart, Macys, and Target have all developed plans to offer more PVC-free shower curtains, but not all have set 100 percent PVC-free phase out plans and goals, while Ikea and Marks and Spencer have done so.
Key findings of the study:
• 108 different volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were released from the shower curtain into the air
over twenty-eight days.
• After one week, 40 different VOCs were detected in the air; after two weeks, 16 VOCS; after
three weeks 11 VOCs and; after four weeks, 4 VOCs.
• The level of total VOCs measured was over 16 times greater than the recommended
guidelines for indoor air quality established by the U.S. Green Building Council, violating
these guidelines for seven days.
• Just one new PVC shower curtain will release total VOCs that exceed the typical total VOCs
residential level for four days.
• The concentration of total VOCs in the Wal-Mart tested shower curtain was so high that the
analytical equipment was saturated and further testing had to be halted so that lab equipment
would not be damaged.
• This testing did not replicate temperature and humidity conditions typically found in a shower, which would likely increase the concentrations of volatile pollutants released from a PVC curtain into the air of a bathroom; concentrations of these chemicals are likely to be even greater during and after a shower than those reported in this study.
The release of so many volatile organic compounds, many of which are toxic, raises serious questions about the risks PVC shower curtains pose to families, especially young children exposed to these vapors. Every effort should be made to eliminate PVC shower curtains from homes and to replace them with safer alternatives, said Stephen Lester, co-author of the report.
Lester testified last week at a U.S. House Energy and Commerce committee hearing on phthalates and bisphenol A about the growing market movement away from phthalates in consumer products such as PVC shower curtains.
Health implications
The study found that PVC shower curtains release elevated levels of toxic chemicals into the air and contribute significantly to indoor air pollution. Seven of the chemicals found are classified as hazardous air pollutants by the EPA under the Clean Air Act.
VOCs can also cause eye, nose and throat irritation, headaches, loss of coordination and nausea. Key symptoms associated with VOC exposure include eye irritation, nose and throat discomfort, difficulty breathing, allergic skin reaction, headache, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, dizziness and nose bleeding.
Phthalates have been linked to reproductive problems including shorter pregnancy duration and sperm damage in males.
"The brain is a major target for VOCs, causing everything from headache and loss of concentration to learning disabilities in children whose mothers were exposed before their birth, as shown in a recent Canadian study. Since there are safe alternatives to vinyl shower curtains, such exposures should always be avoided," said David O. Carpenter, M.D., of the Institute for Health & The Environment at the University at Albany, SUNY.
Recommendations
The group issued these recommendations:
• The Federal Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) is 30 years old and must be updated to
regulate consumer products which contribute to indoor air pollution and cause health harm.
• The Consumer Product Safety Commission should immediately recall all PVC shower curtains
from store shelves.
• Manufactures and retailers should switch to safer products such as organic cotton shower
curtains.
• Government at all levels should act quickly to ban the use of PVC in shower curtains.
• Consumers should avoid purchasing shower curtains made with PVC, and should not buy
shower curtains that are not labeled with their content.
The Work Group for Safe Markets was a co-sponsor of this report. The full text is available online.
